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On June 25-27, 2004, a second Expert Meeting on Current Challenges to International Humanitarian Law took place. The meeting built on the experience and outcomes of the 2003 gathering and explored further some of the areas of interest previously identified, as well as new areas of research. Primary themes of discussion included: * Computers and War: The Impact of High-Tech Warfare on the Application of IHL * Article 43 of the Hague Regulations and Peace Operations in the 21st Century * Improving Compliance with IHL The following key issues were also identified for further research: (i) The 'reverberating' effects of computer network attacks (CNAs): Proportionality, precaution in attack, and accountability. (ii) The distinction between cybercrime by hackers, terrorist CNAs, and military CNAs during armed conflict: Definitions, issues, and international humanitarian law responses. (iii) Applicability of IHL (Article 2 of the Geneva Conventions) and CNAs. (iv) Scope of application of Article 43 of the Hague Regulations and Article 64 of the Fourth Geneva Convention: ratione situationis, ratione materiae and ratione temporis. (v) The interface of international humanitarian law and human rights in peacebuilding. (vi) Transnational armed groups and international humanitarian law (vii) Rules governing legislative development during peacebuilding operations. (viii) Special agreements under Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and other related tools: Scope, actors, and content. (ix) Legal regimes, scope, and implications of collective responsibility for ensuring compliance with international humanitarian law under Common Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions. (x) Implications of granting amnesty to members of armed groups as incentive for compliance with IHL: Compliance, recognition, and expectations.